White Privilege by Peggy Macintos an Example of the Topic Literature Essays by

White Privilege by Peggy Macintos The paper composed by Peggy Macintosh looked at and interrelate the idea of prejudice to the issue of uniformity betwheen man and lady. In her paper, Macintosh referenced that men appear to be trying to claim ignorance about the benefits that they appreciated that womens dont. They will in general can't help contradicting the thought that they are over advantaged (in numerous viewpoints) than ladies, despite the fact that they know about the weakness that ladies confronted. Mac referenced that this sort of attitude is likewise material with the issue of bigotry between the whites and individuals with shading. More benefit is being conceded to whites and they appear not to know about these benefits. In spite of the fact that the state had just given a few enactments relinquishing the imbalances among races, still the reality remains that prejudice couldn't be totally disposed of. These benefits, which the whites appear not to recognize, are being considered the standards present in th e general public. A portion of these supposed unacknowledged benefits were expressed on Macintosh exposition. Regardless of whether on the work place, learning territory or amusement puts, the whites encountered these benefits while their partners are consistently in an awkward circumstance as a result of the dread of being cross examined, humiliated or hassled. Need article test on White Privilege by Peggy Macintos point? We will compose a custom article test explicitly for you Continue Our Customers Frequently Tell EssayLab journalists: Who needs to compose paper for me? Proficient scholars suggest: There Is Nothing Impossible For Essaylab Paper Writer Purchase Papers Online Writers For Hire Best Essay Writing Service Good Essay Writing Company The issue on prejudice and uniformity among races is as yet a popular issue that should be tended to. The negligible nearness of enactments against bigotry isn't a response to take care of this issue. The purposes of Macintosh in her work are genuine with respect to the legend of meritocracy between the whites and non whites. It is additionally evident that a portion of the activities done by the whites mirror a type of supremacist demeanor that ordinarily influences their partners. White Americans overwhelms the vast majority of the top situation in an occupation and are overrepresented in magazines and in TV programs. Genuinely, this situation for the white people is of no criticalness at all since they are, in no uncertainty, one of them. This overrepresentation and careless demonstration of whites in numerous fields is the primary issue that Macintosh is managing. Unwittingly, the white people neglect to perceive that they have been over engaging their own race. Being oblivious to this race over strengthening, white people appears to constantly do certain activities of a supremacist. The purpose behind this ignorance is achieved by the general public. Schools have something to do with the feeling of predominance and ignorance of white people and consequently, they likewise have a major influence in illuminating white Americans to avoid such strength and ignorance. Peggy Macintosh White Privilege for sure introduced a reasonable and worthy thought with respect to uniformities between races. It is acceptable to realize that a portion of the white Americans like the creator introduced the issue without a dash of one-sided to their own race America has the fantasy of meritocracy, yet this fantasy is by all accounts not intelligent on the societys activities. Much the same as issue of predominance among man and lady, the issues of bigotry or partiality in light of shading persistently chase America. Indeed, even until today, the whites select to mistreat the minority. I do trust that progressively white people would peruse and basically examined the thoughts introduced by Macintosh since her article would let them understand that in reality, the general public is as yet being one-sided with respect to races. Residents must keep their eyes and psyche open to see these basic activities of prejudice. It isn't sufficient that they know the meaning of p rejudice and they know the previous history of such idea. What is progressively required is their transition to end this issue. Changing the framework or strategy isn't the negligible response to defeat bigotry, people in the general public should likewise take activities with respect to this issue. Usage of enactment without the shared help from the individuals would not prompt achievement. Work Cited Mac, Peggy. White Privilege: Unpacking the Invisible Knapsack.

Irish American Segregation

In the 1960’s and 1970’s there was various sorts of isolation all through the world, especially in the United States. The more individuals moved here the more terrible the isolation became. One specific gathering that I was keen on finding out about was my precursors the Irish-Americans. They confronted a ton of isolation only for the way that they were Irish and they were not conceived in the United States. In any case, it was not simply the way that they were not brought into the world here in light of the fact that even the Irish-Americans who were brought into the world here were oppressed in view of where their folks or grandparents originated from. The Irish after the social equality development with Dr. Martin Luther King held a similar kind of development to have the option to pick up their privileges. In any case, it was totally finished with a slaughter in Northern Ireland that murdered 14 regular people who were taking part in a quiet walk to pick up their common opportunities. A considerable lot of the Irish who had moved to American for opportunity were held at indistinguishable guidelines from they were in their own nation and that was as low class residents. They were victimized as terrible as the African Americans despite the fact that there were laws that should shield them from this sort of treatment. Numerous Irish-Americans who were being dealt with unreasonably held fights and craving strikes however not until things got to the limits was the issue settled and still, at the end of the day it was just a transitory arrangement. Commonly the isolation was utilized in lodging, employments and an enormous bit in training. The youngsters in schools were dealt with distinctively in light of the fact that they were not from America. The beginning of the movement of The Irish to the American was for another possibility and afterward years after the fact it was because of the disappointment of the potato crop in Ireland. A significant number of the Irishâ€Americans lived in crushing measures of neediness and attempted to discover any work they could however with numerous individuals not believing the Irish-Americans they would not enlist them. The Irish were an ethnic gathering as well as they were a Religious Minority Group at any rate until the finish of the common war. After the common war in view of their extraordinary numbers in the north they had the option to change the tides and were not, at this point a minority. They assumed responsibility for government in addition to other things. They went from being one of the most oppressed free Americans to having an Irish-American being occupant. â€Å"Thomas Beer recognizes reasons why many were partial against the Irish. The American Protective Association expected that the Irish were making America a Papal state: clerics were permitted to ride prepares free in California and Irish council members had endeavored to subsidize parochial schools with assets from the city treasury. † This is only a little model in manners that the Irish-Americans were dealt with distinctively in America. When they began winning their privileges back they manhandled that capacity to get the things that they needed. All the Irish-Americans in the public arena were then separated and isolated from society by and by. Since numerous Irish-Americans were mishandling their privileges and setting patterns that made a generalization for the other Irish-Americans, every single Irish-American were dealt with that way. They were then back to being revealed to â€Å"No Irish Need Apply† when they went searching for work and the main spot that didn't have that sign posted was the United States Army enrolling workplaces. They couldn't have cared less on the off chance that you were from here similarly as long as you were a resident you could look for some kind of employment in the military.

New Student Photo Series #6 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Series #6 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog Max Arvid Anderson will be joining SIPA in two weeks.   He will be among 200+ new students pursuing the Master of International Affairs degree this fall.   Before beginning his studies, Max spent his summer in the Economic and Social Council Chamber at the UN Headquarters in New York. The silly grin on my face is due to some over-the-top self satisfaction, the fatigue is due to spending the summer working. The picture was taken last month, when the draft resolution on General Assembly Revitalization was adopted by consensus in the Ad Hoc Working Group on GA Revitalization. The GA Revitalization process is a yearly affair (like so many things at the UN), and was formalised after the 2005 World Summit. This year I had the privilege to function as negotiator on behalf of the European Union and its Member States. The other main stake holders are the NAM, certain members of the Security Council and UN Member States who value the GA and the UN reform process. This year proved particularly difficult due to well known political sensitivities when it comes to the selection and appointment of the next UNSG, due to take place in 2016. On a more consensual note, we managed to agree that the Security Council elections for non-permanent members should take place earlier than Oc tober; to allow smaller UN Member States to adequately prepare for the two years they spend there.

Causes Of The Cold War - 1388 Words

LESSON 26 - The Cold War Objectives: Identify the causes for the start of the Cold War Identify key actions taken by the US and the Soviet Union to prepare for war Identify how the Cold War impacted American lifestyle Identify actions taken worldwide between the Cold War combatants The Cold War Begins The Cold War was the state of hostility, without direct military confrontation, between the United States and the Soviet Union. The formation of the United Nations (UN) in 1945, which was intended to keep peace, failed to stop the conflicts between these two superpowers. One reason for the start of the Cold War was the conflicting political and economic systems of the United States and Soviet Union. In the U.S. system†¦show more content†¦Under the Truman Doctrine, the United States would send military and economic aid to any country trying to prevent a Communist takeover. To rebuild Europe after the war and encourage capitalism, the Marshall Plan was created to provide billions of dollars to those nations that cooperated with U.S. economic goals. The United States formed a defensive military alliance with its European allies called the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The members of NATO pledged that an attack on one country was an attack on all. The Cold War in Asia After defeating the Japanese in World War II, the Chinese Nationalist Army lead by Chiang Kai-shek fought Mao Zedong s Communist forces. Despite American aid, Mao won this civil war in 1948 and made China a Communist country. Chiang and his followers fled to Taiwan, an island off China s southeast coast. At the end of World War II, Korea was divided along the 38th parallel into two separate countries, which were the Communist North and the capitalist South. When the North Korean army invaded South Korea in 1950 to unify the country, the United States called on the members of the United Nations to help. Under the command of U.S. General Douglas MacArthur, troops from 21 UN countries, about 90 percent of them American, fought with the South Korean army. MacArthur pushed the North Koreans toward the Chinese border but then Communist Chinese troops attacked,Show MoreRelatedCauses Of The Cold War1396 Words   |  6 PagesThe Cold War was a political, ideological and sometimes indirect military confrontation that took place after the Second World War between the two largest powers in the world: The United States and the Soviet Union. The conflict between these two great powers intensified without a real war on the ground. It was a silent war characterized by both powers in an arms race with the most lethal weapons without actually using these weapons. That is why that war was known as the Cold War. In this paper,Read MoreCauses Of The Cold War1108 Words   |  5 PagesThe Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union spanned almost half of a century. It led to worldwide fears and anxiety over the possibility of nuclear war and the desolation of mankind. It led to various proxy wars, costing the lives of millions in foreign nations and thousands of American and Soviet soldiers. With so much fear, death, money, and willpower going into the conflict, there must be an easy answer as to what force caused and drove the conflict. However, this topic is notRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War1716 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War, a conflict between the United States and Soviet Union, the two global superpowers at the time. Given the name â€Å"Cold War† only for the fact that neither the Soviet Union nor the United States fought directly with one another, instead the war was waged through allies in the form of proxy wars and through increased use of intensive espionage, a never-ending arms race, immense technological competition and on a political forefront as both sides tried to gain the upper hand. The Cold WarRead MoreCauses Of The Cold War984 Words    |  4 Pages The Cold War has lived in infamy in the minds of many people today. The influence of it can be regarded as one of the most terrifying events that could have transpired, and particularly terrifying to its citizens who lived in constant fear of complete annihilation. From the first events to the fall out of a nuclear war, almost all citizens would have no shelter from the devastation of an atomic war. The roots of the Cold War can be found in several main points starting from the Second World WarRead MoreCauses And Effects Of The Cold War1370 Words   |  6 PagesAbi Amarnath Mrs. Saunders 12 November 2014 English II Causes and Effects of the Cold War Richard Nixon once said of the Cold War that â€Å"the Cold War isn t thawing; it is burning with a deadly heat. Communism isn t sleeping; it is, as always, plotting, scheming, working, fighting.†(www.brainyquote.com). An analysis of the Cold War between 1947-1991 reveals that the Cold War was caused by a difference in political ideals between the USA and the Soviet Union, the aftermath of WWII, and the â€Å"IronRead More Causes Of The Cold War Essay608 Words   |  3 Pages Causes of the Cold War nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; The Cold War occurred during a time of rebuilding for Europe. It characterized international relations and dominated the foreign policies of Europe. It affected all of Europe and determined lasting alliances. The Cold War was caused by the social climate and tension in Europe at the end of World War II and by the increasing power struggles between the Soviet Union. Economic separation between the Soviets and the west also heightened tensionsRead Morethe cause of the cold war Essay794 Words   |  4 Pagescausing the cold war .After the second world war , the ideological difference ,mutual distrust and the disappearance of the common enemy (germany ) , these all are the causes of the cold war .However ,these comflicts were all brought by the US . Many historians believe that the Cold War was inevitable once the common enemy, Germany, was defeated after the end of World War II. Other historians such as John Gaddis stress that neither superpower can be held solely responsible for the ideological war that lastedRead MoreCauses of the Cold War Essay15 70 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"It is clear that fear, greed and revenge were the major factors that caused the Cold War† How far do you agree with this statement when analyzing the causes of the Cold War up to 1949? The responsibility of the origins of the Cold War often triggers questions among historians yet both powers should be blamed for taking part in it. The origins of the Cold War can often be associated with fear, greed and revenge. Through most analyses, the fault was often given to Stalin’s ambitions to expandRead More Causes of the Cold War Essay741 Words   |  3 PagesCauses of the Cold War In this paper I will discuss what actions and thoughts added up to cause the cold war. The cold war lasted from September 1, 1945 to about December 25, 1991. That is about forty-five years, which is an extremely long time. The cold war was a global competition basically between two sides, the Free World, which was led by the United States of America, and the Communist World led by the Soviet Union. The struggle took place through indirect military conflict, and directRead MoreThe Causes of the Cold War Essay2058 Words   |  9 PagesIn discussions of the causes of the Cold War, one controversial issue has been the question: who caused the Cold War? On the one hand, traditional historians argue that the leaders of the Soviet Union are to blame. On the other hand, revisionists contend that the Western leaders are to blame. Others even maintain that it was both the Western and the Soviet leaders who are equally responsible for the development of the Cold War. My own view is that th e Western leaders were responsible for protecting

Critical Analysis of a Published Article Essay - 1272 Words

APPROACHES TO STUDY WITH ENGLISH LANGUAGE SUPPORT (INTENSIVE) Assignment 1: Critical analysis of a published article (1000 words) Saturday 10th October 2009 By Joana Wong This critical analysis is about an article that argues whether drugs should be legalized or not. It was published in The Observer, on Sunday the 6th of September 2009 and it is entitled Latin Americas backlash against US war on drugs by Ed Vulliamy in Tijuana, Rory Carroll in Caracas, Annie Kelly in Buenos Aires and Tom Phillips in Rio de Janeiro. It is a lengthy article, written in a Sunday newspaper for a well-educated and informed audience. It is evident that the reporter has researched the subject well, for example he starts the article with and†¦show more content†¦He states that South America is demanding a partnership instead of the subjugation that hallmarked former US presidencies, saying that not only is their interdiction policy failing, but it is also a pretext for Washington interference. At th e same time he highlights reasons for scepticism such as: some drugs are addictive after one single hit; if possession is legal, it will enhance the domestic market, and above all, drugs kill and destroy lives and legalizing them will make them more accessible to people. I was impressed by this article mainly because of the emotive terminology used throughout by the author such as murderers, serious heroin and crack users, destroyed, incarcerated, brutal, catastrophic, bloodshed, etc., secondly, the factual content is indisputable drawing on a wide range of examples of escalating violence in different countries in Latin America, like the killing of 40 people over three days in Juarez,... take the death toll to about 1,400 this year and thousands of people die every year in Rio de Janeiro in clashes between police and traffickers. He also mentions that the use of paco cocaine paste increased by more than 200% between 2001 and 2005, which proves US policy of prohibition is not working . The article seems to be biased pointing out many reasons for the decriminalisation of drugs in particularShow MoreRelatedCritical Success Factors For Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation Success1740 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This paper is a critical review of the article ‘Critical Success Factors for Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation Success’ which was published in the ‘International Journal of Advances in Engineering Technology’. In this review, the article summary is presented first before an analysis of its structure. 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However, at the start it is vital to ensure that the journals, topic information, and authors are all credible. This process is also necessary to make sure that the credibility of this information is professionally supported and held to a scholarly standard. In support o f my research topic, I selected an article that I have deemed a credible source. I willRead MoreBidging The Gap Between Scholarship And Practice1200 Words   |  5 PagesThis analysis of the above journals will follow the same chronological order as the historical perspectives above. Two issues from each journal published within the last three years will be described and analyzed. Public Administration ReviewPAR volume 76 issue 1 was published in January/February 2016, volume 77 issue 2 was published in March/April 2017. 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A Practitioner’s Guide to Ethical Decision Making Free Essays

Holly Forester-Miller, Ph. D. Thomas Davis, Ph. We will write a custom essay sample on A Practitioner’s Guide to Ethical Decision Making or any similar topic only for you Order Now D. Copyright  © 1996, American Counseling Association. A free publication of the American Counseling Association promoting ethical counseling practice in service to the public. — Printed and bound copies may be purchased in quantity for a nominal fee from the Online Resource Catalog or by calling the ACA Distribution Center at 800. 422. 2648. ACA grants reproduction rights to libraries, researchers and teachers who wish to copy all or part of the contents of this document for scholarly purposes provided that no fee for the use or possession of such copies is charged to the ultimate consumer of the copies. Proper citation to ACA must be given. Introduction Counselors are often faced with situations which require sound ethical decision making ability. Determining the appropriate course to take when faced with a difficult ethical dilemma can be a challenge. To assist ACA members in meeting this challenge, the ACA Ethics Committee has developed A Practitioner’s Guide to Ethical Decision Making. The intent of this document is to offer professional counselors a framework for sound ethical decision making. The following will address both guiding principles that are globally valuable in ethical decision making, and a model that professionals can utilize as they address ethical questions in their work. Moral Principles Kitchener (1984) has identified five moral principles that are viewed as the cornerstone of our ethical guidelines. Ethical guidelines can not address all situations that a counselor is forced to confront. Reviewing these ethical principles which are at the foundation of the guidelines often helps to clarify the issues involved in a given situation. The five principles, autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and fidelity are each absolute truths in and of themselves. By exploring the dilemma in regards to these principles one may come to a better understanding of the conflicting issues. 1. Autonomy is the principle that addresses the concept of independence. The essence of this principle is allowing an individual the freedom of choice and action. It addresses the responsibility of the counselor to encourage clients, when appropriate, to make their own decisions and to act on their own values. There are two important considerations in encouraging clients to be autonomous. First, helping the client to understand how their decisions and their values may or may not be received within the context of the society in which they live, and how they may impinge on the rights of others. The second consideration is related to the client’s ability to make sound and rational decisions. Persons not capable of making competent choices, such as children, and some individuals with mental handicaps, should not be allowed to act on decisions that could harm themselves or others. 2. Nonmaleficence is the concept of not causing harm to others. Often explained as â€Å"above all do no harm†, this principle is considered by some to be the most critical of all the principles, even though theoretically they are all of equal weight (Kitchener, 1984; Rosenbaum, 1982; Stadler, 1986). This principle reflects both the idea of not inflicting intentional harm, and not engaging in actions that risk harming others (Forester-Miller Rubenstein, 1992). 3. Beneficence reflects the counselor’s responsibility to contribute to the welfare of the client. Simply stated it means to do good, to be proactive and also to prevent harm when possible (Forester-Miller Rubenstein, 1992). 4. Justice does not mean treating all individuals the same. Kitchener (1984) points out that the formal meaning of justice is â€Å"treating equals equally and unequals unequally but in proportion to their relevant differences† (p. 49). If an individual is to be treated differently, the counselor needs to be able to offer a rationale that explains the necessity and appropriateness of treating this individual differently. 5. Fidelity involves the notions of loyalty, faithfulness, and honoring commitments. Clients must be able to trust the counselor and have faith in the therapeutic relationship if growth is to occur. Therefore, the counselor must take care not to threaten the therapeutic relationship nor to leave obligations unfulfilled. When exploring an ethical dilemma, you need to examine the situation and see how each of the above principles may relate to that particular case. At times this alone will clarify the issues enough that the means for resolving the dilemma will become obvious to you. In more complicated cases it is helpful to be able to work through the steps of an ethical decision making model, and to assess which of these moral principles may be in conflict. Ethical Decision Making Model We have incorporated the work of Van Hoose and Paradise (1979), Kitchener (1984), Stadler (1986), Haas and Malouf (1989), Forester-Miller and Rubenstein (1992), and Sileo and Kopala (1993) into a practical, sequential, seven step, ethical decision making model. A description and discussion of the steps follows. 1. Identify the Problem. Gather as much information as you can that will illuminate the situation. In doing so, it is important to be as specific and objective as possible. Writing ideas on paper may help you gain clarity. Outline the facts, separating out innuendos, assumptions, hypotheses, or suspicions. There are several questions you can ask yourself: Is it an ethical, legal, professional, or clinical problem? Is it a combination of more than one of these? If a legal question exists, seek legal advice. Other questions that it may be useful to ask yourself are: Is the issue related to me and what I am or am not doing? Is it related to a client and/or the client’s significant others and what they are or are not doing? Is it related to the institution or agency and their policies and procedures? If the problem can be resolved by implementing a policy of an institution or agency, you can look to the agency’s guidelines. It is good to remember that dilemmas you face are often complex, so a useful guideline is to examine the problem from several perspectives and avoid searching for a simplistic solution. 2. Apply the ACA Code of Ethics. After you have clarified the problem, refer to the Code of Ethics (ACA, 2005) to see if the issue is addressed there. If there is an applicable standard or several standards and they are specific and clear, following the course of action indicated should lead to a resolution of the problem. To be able to apply the ethical standards, it is essential that you have read them carefully and that you understand their implications. If the problem is more complex and a resolution does not seem apparent, then you probably have a true ethical dilemma and need to proceed with further steps in the ethical decision making process. 3. Determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma. There are several avenues to follow in order to ensure that you have examined the problem in all its various dimensions. Consider the moral principles of autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, and fidelity. Decide which principles apply to the specific situation, and determine which principle takes priority for you in this case. In theory, each principle is of equal value, which means that it is your challenge to determine the priorities when two or more of them are in conflict. o Review the relevant professional literature to ensure that you are using the most current professional thinking in reaching a decision. o Consult with experienced professional colleagues and/or supervisors. As they review with you the information you have gathered, they may see other issues that are relevant or provide a perspective you have not considered. They may also be able to identify aspects of the dilemma that you are not viewing objectively. o Consult your state or national professional associations to see if they can provide help with the dilemma. 4. Generate potential courses of action. Brainstorm as many possible courses of action as possible. Be creative and consider all options. If possible, enlist the assistance of at least one colleague to help you generate options. . Consider the potential consequences of all options and determine a course of action. Considering the information you have gathered and the priorities you have set, evaluate each option and assess the potential consequences for all the parties involved. Ponder the implications of each course of action for the client, for others who will be effected, and for yourself as a counselor. Eliminate the options that clearly do not give the desired results or cause even more problematic consequences. Review the remaining options to determine which option or ombination of options best fits the situation and addresses the priorities you have identified. 6. Evaluate the selected course of action. Review the selected course of action to see if it presents any new ethical considerations. Stadler (1986) suggests applying three simple tests to the selected course of action to ensure that it is appropriate. In applying the test of justice, assess your own sense of fairness by determining whether you would treat others the same in this situation. For the test of publicity, ask yourself whether you would want your behavior reported in the press. The test of universality asks you to assess whether you could recommend the same course of action to another counselor in the same situation. If the course of action you have selected seems to present new ethical issues, then you’ll need to go back to the beginning and reevaluate each step of the process. Perhaps you have chosen the wrong option or you might have identified the problem incorrectly. If you can answer in the affirmative to each of the questions suggested by Stadler (thus passing the tests of justice, publicity, and universality) and you are satisfied that ou have selected an appropriate course of action, then you are ready to move on to implementation. 7. Implement the course of action. Taking the appropriate action in an ethical dilemma is often difficult. The final step involves strengthening your ego to allow you to carry out your plan. After implementing your course of action, it is good practice to follow up on the situation to assess whether your actions h ad the anticipated effect and consequences. The Ethical Decision Making Model at a Glance 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Identify the problem. Apply the ACA Code of Ethics. Determine the nature and dimensions of the dilemma. Generate potential courses of action. Consider the potential consequences of all options, choose a course of action. Evaluate the selected course of action. Implement the course of action. It is important to realize that different professionals may implement different courses of action in the same situation. There is rarely one right answer to a complex ethical dilemma. However, if you follow a systematic model, you can be assured that you will be able to give a professional explanation for the course of action you chose. Van Hoose and Paradise (1979) suggest that a counselor â€Å"is probably acting in an ethically responsible way concerning a client if (1) he or she has maintained personal and professional honesty, coupled with (2) the best interests of the client, (3) without malice or personal gain, and (4) can justify his or her actions as the best judgment of what should be done based upon the current state of the profession† (p. 58). Following this model will help to ensure that all four of these conditions have been met. How to cite A Practitioner’s Guide to Ethical Decision Making, Papers

A Psychological Study of the Strange Situation

Questions: 1. What is homeostasis? 2. How is body temperature maintained including why this is necessary for the organism? Water is important for homeostasis how are water levels maintained within the body and why it is important to do so? Insulin and Glucagon are homeostatic hormones how is this case and why are they necessary? 3. For each of the subdivision you have labelled above explain their functions within the nervous system and in the case of certain answers their relationships to each other Nervous system, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system. 4. Explain the relationship between structure and functions of the excretory system and what organs are involved in the excretory system and what structures do they carry out this role use annotated diagrams as part of your answer? Answers: 1. Homeostasis is a process of maintaining optimum conditions of all the biochemical and metabolic interactions in the body of any organism to sustain their lives in constantly changing environment. The body temperature and balance of acidity and alkalinity that is pH is also maintained by the process of homeostasis (He et al. 2012). When body encounters an imbalance in the normal range of any one of the important metabolites; it immediately activates its endocrine, nervous, renal and other associated systems to restore the normal body conditions. Homeostasis is a characteristic feature of all organisms from unicellular to multicellular organisms. The process enables different organs and systems of our body to work cooperatively in order to achieve the desired result (Hooper Macpherson, 2015). 2. Temperature regulation in the body is done by homeostasis. There are two different kinds of animal endotherms- those who generally maintain a constant body temperature and ectotherms- those whose body temperatures changes with eternal factors. In case of humans the body temperature is regulated by the hypothalamus. Hypothalamus is the thermoregulatory center of the human body which acts as a sensor and detects small variations in the body temperature (Forster, Hirst Atkinson, 2012). There are two different lines of thermo receptors beneath the skin which senses the change in the temperature and tranduces the signal to the hypothalamus. If it is too hot then the heat loss centre of the hypothalamus is activated but when it is too old then heat generating centre gets activated. The hypothalamus then sends response to the effectors of the autonomic nervous system. Temperature homeostasis is very important for animals to live in this constantly changing environment. Human body comprises of so many organ systems for performing specific works. The biochemical pathways performed by these systems involve active participation of a wide array of enzymes. Enzymes need an optimum temperature for their activity. The ambient temperature or the normal body temperature of humans generally serves as the optimum temperature for the enzymes to carry their normal funtion. So if temperature of the body changes then these enzymes will not function properly thereby hindering the cascade of the biochemical pathway. In addition to that enzymes are denatured at high temperature that is their native structure gets destroyed and the enzyme no longer remains functional. The biochemical pathways are catalyzed by enzymes but if their native structure is lost then the metabolic pathways will be blocked (Culling, 2013). The ultimate result of this will be dysfunctioning of the organs and the systems. So temperature homeostasis is necessary to keep all the physiological and metabolic pathways of our body in their normal condition. Water is the important component of all cells because 55% of the cell comprises of water. Water activity is an essential feature of every cell. This term determines the percentage of water content in a cell. Water is the main component of blood too as it maintains blood volume. Water potential of blood needs to be regulated in order to prevent water loss from the cells. This regulation is also done by the hypothalamus which contains osmoreceptors. The osmoreceptors detect small change in water potential. A drop in the blood volume causes a sudden fall of blood pressure. The hypothalamus signals the brain to impart a feeling of thirst indicating requirement of water in the body. Hypothalamus also releases Antidiuretic hormone which opens the water channels of the endothelial cells of the collecting tubule of the nephrons (Ainsworth et al 2014). A hormone called rennin, released by the kidney activates another hormone Angiotensin II which constricts the blood vessels and in turn increa ses blood pressure. Water also receives the toxins from the cells and excretes them out of the body. Gaseous substances like oxygen and carbon-di-oxide are also carried by water. These two gases are carried by the blood and blood is mostly composed of water. Oxygen get dissolved in the watery portion that is the plasma of the blood and carried to the cells to meet the requirement of oxygen. On the other hand carbon-di-oxide, released due to excretion of the cells, get dissolved in the plasma of blood and forms carboic acid, a mild acid, and finally comes to the lungs (Hannon et al. 2012). There in the lungs the CO2 diffuses out of the blood and finally from the lungs. Body temperature is also regulated to some extent by water. Water provides an efficient mean of regulating the body temperature. During sweating, water is released from the sweat glands and evaporates from the skin; this in turn decreases the body temperature because when water evaporates it takes the heat from the bod y so the temperature lowers. Glucose is the principal carbohydrate which is transported in the cells. Glucose level needs to be controlled in all the cells. Generally glucose concentration should remain within 0.8 to 1 g/dm3 of blood. When glucose level in the blood rises up then the situation is called hyperglycaemia and when it falls then it is known as hypoglycaemia. Both the cases are fatal and even can lead to death. Glucose homeostasis is done by two hormones called insulin and glucagon. Both the hormones are released from the endocrine glands pancreas. Pancreas contains a region of hormone secreting cells called Islets of Langerhans. The hormones insulin and glucagon are secreted by the and cells of the Islets of Langerhans. Pancreas has receptors which sense the concentration of glucose in the blood. Insulin and glucagon have antagonistc effect on the blood glucose level (Trung et al. 2012). Insulin stimulates cells to uptake glucose for using in the cellular respiration process. Insulin turns on a sig nal transduction pathway that converts glucose into glycogen by the process called glycogenesis. This process causes polymerization of glucose into glycogen and thus concentration of free glucose in the blood decreases. On the other hand, glucagon cleaves glycogen polymer and produces glucose monomer by a process called glycogenolysis. After taking a full meal free glucose level in the blood increases. This high blood glucose stimulates the pancreas to release insulin from the cells. The insulin triggers the glycogenesis process to switch on and polymerize free glucose into glycogen. But when blood glucose level is very low then the endocrine system triggers the glycogenolysis process to turn on and break down glycogen into glucose rendering an increase in the free glucose level in blood. Both insulin and glucagon are essential for the cells otherwise blood glucose level will be disturbed. If insulin is not released during rise in blood glucose then free glucose will not be utilized by the cells. As a result hyperglycaemia will be caused. This situation is commomnly known as diabetes mellitus. High concentration of glucose often spills out in the urine causing a serious health problem. So diabetic patients commonly need insulin therapy in which insulin is given to the patient intravenously from outside. If glucagon is not secreted properly then a condition called hypoglycaemia occurs in which the blood glucose level suddenly falls. Hypoglycaemia can lead to coma and even death. So these two hormones need to be secreted properly otherwise diabetes or hypoglycaemia may lead to serious health concern (Cantley Ashcroft, 2015). 3. Nervous system, central nervous system, peripheral nervous system Nervous system is the signaling centre of the body. It controls and coordinates different physiological, morphological and metabolic functions in the body. The main function of the nervous system is to respond to any internal or external stimulus of the constantly changing environment. Nervous system coordinates muscular activity as well as the internal relationship of the internal organs (Mathias Bannister, 2013). Function of the central nervous system: The three parts of the central nervous system performs three different functions. The forebrain helps in thinking, analyzing, learning, coordinating the activities of the motor nerves. The mid brain controls motor function, helps in visual and auditory functions. The hind brain transmits sensory information. It also helps to maintain body balance, movement, digestion, respiration and maintain heart rate. The spinal cord delivers information to and from the brain. The spinal cord is the main component of the reflex arc so it controls and coordinates reflex actions (Cantley Ashcroft, 2015). Function of the peripheral nervous system: Peripheral nervous system is involved in the voluntary actions by the skeletal musles. It contains three types of nerves-spinal, cranial and association nerves. Spinal nerves transmit signals to the spinal cord. Cranial nerves helps in smell, vision, taste etc. Association nerves help in coordinating motor and sensory functions. 4. The system which helps to remove waste products from the body is called the excretory system. The principal organs of the excretory system are two kidneys. Kidneys are bean shaped and composed of its structural and functional units the nephrons. The kidneys are located on the either side of the backbone. There are two regions in the kidneys- the outer cortex and inner medulla (Ransohoff Brown, 2012). Waste products from the cells enter into the kidneys through blood. Renal artery carries blood to the kidneys and renal vein carries blood from the kidneys. The blood containing waste products get purified in two kidneys. Figure: Excretory System (Source: My organ donation project, 2015) The waste formed in the kidneys then pass through ureters and stores in the form of urine in the urinary bladder. Urine is formed in the nephrons by reabsorption of water which is aided by a hormone called Anti-di-uretic hormone or ADH. Urine contains salts, organic compounds and most importantly uric acid and urea. Uric acid is formed due to nucleic acid decomposition and urea is the product of amino acid metabolism (Tortora Grabowski, 2003). Nephron is the structural and functional unit of kidney. It contains a capsule like structure called Bowmans capsule below which there is a tubular part called the proximal convoluted tubules. The proximal convoluted tubule is followed by a U shaped tube known as Henles loop and then another tubule called the distal convoluted tubule. The distant convoluted tubule ultimately opens in a wide tube known as collecting tubule. The collecting tubule receives the urine. Bowmans capsule contains a complex network of blood capillaries called the glomerulus. Blood enters the glomerulus by renal artery and gets purified over there. Due to the high pressure the plasma is separated from the blood producing glomerulus filtrate. Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism produces different toxic waste products in the body which should be washed off from the body. Excretory system of our body performs this task. Metabolism releases nitrogenous and non-nitrogenous wastes in the cells. These wastes are highly toxic for the cells and if not removed they will exert cytotoxic effects. Proper functioning of the excretory system eliminates nitrogenous wastes, toxins and all other metabolic wastes from the cells (Tindale, 2014). References: Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., Wall, S. (2014). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Psychology Press. Cantley, J., Ashcroft, F. M. (2015). QA: insulin secretion and type 2 diabetes: why do -cells fail?. BMC biology, 13(1), 33. Culling, C. F. A. (2013). Handbook of histopathological and histochemical techniques: including museum techniques. Butterworth-Heinemann. Forster, J., Hirst, A. G., Atkinson, D. (2012). Warming-induced reductions in body size are greater in aquatic than terrestrial species. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 109(47), 19310-19314. Hannon, M. J., Finucane, F. M., Sherlock, M., Agha, A., Thompson, C. J. (2012). Disorders of water homeostasis in neurosurgical patients. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 97(5), 1423-1433. He, C., Bassik, M. C., Moresi, V., Sun, K., Wei, Y., Zou, Z., ... Levine, B. (2012). Exercise-induced BCL2-regulated autophagy is required for muscle glucose homeostasis. Nature, 481(7382), 511-515. Hooper, L. V., Macpherson, A. J. (2015). Immune adaptations that maintain homeostasis with the intestinal microbiota. Nature Reviews Immunology, 15(5), 329-329. Mathias, C. J., Bannister, R. (Eds.). (2013). Autonomic failure: a textbook of clinical disorders of the autonomic nervous system. OUP Oxford. My organ donation project,. (2015). Excretory System. Retrieved 4 July 2015, from https://bricenojoseorgandonation.weebly.com/excretory-system.html Ransohoff, R. M., Brown, M. A. (2012). Innate immunity in the central nervous system. The Journal of clinical investigation, 122(122 (4)), 1164-1171. Tindale, A. (2014). Biology: A Concise Revision Course for CXC. Nelson Thornes. Tortora, G. J., Grabowski, S. R. (2003). The endocrine system. principles of anatomy and physiology. 10th edition, New York. John wiley and sons Inc, 620. Trung, V. N., Yamamoto, H., Yamaguchi, T., Murata, S., Aimi, Y., Kuwahara, A., Tani, T. (2014). Intact neural system of the portal vein is important for maintaining normal glucose metabolism by regulating glucagon-like peptide-1 and insulin sensitivity. Peptides, 52, 38-43

Compare and contrast The Red Room by H G Wells, with opening chapters of Jane Eyre Essay Example

Compare and contrast The Red Room by H G Wells, with opening chapters of Jane Eyre Essay Both The Red Room by H G Wells and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte, were written in the nineteenth century. The main focus in the short story by H G Wells is the red room, while the red room in Jane Eyre is part of a novel. Charlotte Brontes story is about an orphaned ten-year-old child called Jane Eyre, who is living with her Aunt Reed at Gateshead Hall. She is excluded from the family in the household and it becomes obvious to the reader that they dont approve of her or like her at all. Jane herself is aware of this, as she says I was a discord in Gateshead Hall. She has a very bad relationship with the family; especially Master John, who bullies her in the opening chapter of the book. Jane is an outcast to every privilege in the house, and her Aunt is very cold and aloof towards her. When Master John provokes her and throws a book at her in the first chapter, she retaliates and is forced into the Red Room, by her Aunt, who immediately defends her son. We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast The Red Room by H G Wells, with opening chapters of Jane Eyre specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast The Red Room by H G Wells, with opening chapters of Jane Eyre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Compare and contrast The Red Room by H G Wells, with opening chapters of Jane Eyre specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The Red Room by H G Wells, is a short story about a nameless visitor to Lorraine Castle. The person, who is assumed to be a man, is volunteering to enter The Red Room for the night, in order to prove or disprove the existence of a ghost or supernatural force in the room. This is different to Jane, who is forced to enter the room. He talks to three elderly people before entering the room, and they explain to him the mystery of the room, helping to create tension between them. They obviously fear the room, and they explain to the man many times that he is entering the room at his own choosing. Both stories are written in the first person narrative, which allows the characters to describe their feelings in detail; especially when inside the Red Room. Jane Eyre is also an eponymous story. The reader is given a brief description of Janes life, and we find that she is a ten-year-old orphaned child living with her Aunt. The opening chapter describes the way Jane is lost in her own little world, looking at pictures and reading books, which portrays her as an imaginative child, full of happiness. Janes intelligence is also underlined here and her capacity for reasoning analysis in her account of Cousin John is noticed. But another side of her personality is shown as well, when she looses her temper with Master John, and calls him a Wicked and cruel boy! She has obviously had enough of being bullied by the family, and her feelings towards them are underlined here. She says that other feelings were succeeding her, which again shows us that she felt hatred towards the family and the surroundings. The man in the Red Room on the other hand is a mystery to the reader, as no information at all is given about him. This is different to Jane Eyre, where we get to know the character well. He is portrayed as a very calm but somewhat impertinent character, as he tells the elderly people at the start that it would take a very tangible ghost to frighten him. This is a very pompous tone, which immediately gives the reader the impression that he is very confident in his actions. He is reminded several times by the man with the withered arm that it is his own choosing, to enter the room, but he is still very confident, which contrasts against Janes reaction to entering the room. There is no mystery surrounding the characters in the opening chapters of Jane Eyre, as they are all relatives or familiar to Jane. I feel that this helps to familiarise the characters to the reader and underlines Janes troubled background. Master John is portrayed as a frightful young boy, and Jane says that there were moments when I was bewildered by the terror he inspired. Bessie and Miss Abbot are also described as being very stern with Jane, which again underlines the unfairness shown towards Jane. The other characters in The Red Room are portrayed as being very old, as they are described according to their appearance, for instance, the man with a withered arm and the man with a shade. They are also portrayed as being both wise and perceptive, as shown in the phrase Many things to see, when ones still but eight-and-twenty. A sense of unfamiliarity is conveyed by the mystery of the characters in the Red Room, which is a contrast to the sense of accustomed behaviour between the family in Jane Eyre. The opening atmosphere in Jane Eyre is described as being very dark, as it is raining with clouds so sombre. This immediately, portrays the large house as being gloomy and the weather is used by Charlotte Bronte, to reflect Janes feelings at the time. Lorraine Castle in the Red Room is also a very big and old place, showing similarities to Gateshead Hall. The man with the withered arm describes the spiral staircase and the long passage in the castle, which gives the reader an image of an old, neglected building. This is different to Gateshead Hall in Jane Eyre, which is described as being quite warm and comfortable. When Jane is taken to the Red Room it says that she resisted all the way, which shows the reader that she hated the room and was terrified of it. She is being taken to the room against her own will and she says that a moments mutiny is the reason for this, which implies that she feels the family is against her. She also refers to herself as a rebel slave, which again shows that she is a captive, not a volunteer to the Red Room. During the build up to the room, the author tries to make the reader feel pity for Jane. Bronte creates pathos towards Jane in a number of different ways. Her use of adjectives such as wicked and rebel slave help to create this sense of pathos. The servants attitude towards her is also used to reinforce this as they call her a wicked child. This is very extreme and emotive language, considering that Jane is only a ten-year-old child. Details of Janes background are also used to create pathos, as we are told how her Uncle had died in the room. The build up to the room in H G Wells short story is also used to create tension. Descriptions like chilly, dusty and shadows convey the darkness in the castle, while the mans loss of confidence as he stopped for a moment, helps to give the castle a mysterious aura. Jane is beside herself going into the room but the man in The Red Room is sceptical, but is willing to enter the room. The author also makes no attempt in making the reader feel sorry for the man in The Red Room, while every effort is made for the reader is made to feel sorry for Jane. There is a very detailed description of the Red Room in Jane Eyre. A sense of imprisonment is created when they lock the door, which immediately has an effect on Jane. An image of a prison cell is again created when the room is called a spare chamber. The feeling of neglect is also conveyed as she describes the room as very seldom slept in. Red is emphasised by the author in the description, also the repetitive use of red in the deep red curtains, red carpet and the crimson cloth also links to the red described in the room. I think that the colour Red is emphasised by the author, for many different reasons. Red is a very deep and rich colour, which immediately conveys the dark, mysterious surroundings within the room. Red is also associated with blood, which holds a strong religious connection, and could also be linked to the death of her Uncle. Large and dark furniture are brought to our attention by the author; with massive pillars of mahogany and chairs of darkly polished The word white is juxtaposed against the darkness in the room, while there is a certain element of irony in the fireplace, as it again contrasts with the gloomy and cold atmosphere in the room. Death is also represented in the room with the reference to the undertakers men being a link to the death of her Uncle. There is a religious connection as she says that there is a sense of dreary consecration. When land is consecrated, it is made holy; therefore the death of her Uncle is emphasised by this connection. The Red Room in Wells story is also conveyed as being very dark and gloomy. It is described as being a large and sombre room, with shadowy window bays. These descriptions are similar to the Red Room in Jane Eyre, as it, was also very large and gloomy. H G Wells use of metaphors help to convey the darkness in the room, for example, My candle was a little tongue of light in its vastness which tries to convey the room swallowing the light, and an ocean of mystery which describes the vastness of the mystery surrounding the room. Both Jane and the man, start to lose confidence as they spend more time imprisoned in the room. Even Janes own reflection is starting to scare her. It reminds her of Bessies old stories and she feels that Superstition was with her. There are two big mirrors in The Red Room also, which underlines similarities in both rooms. As Jane is left alone, she thinks about how she was treated, and she is distressed to realise that she is a total outcast. As time goes on in the room, she recalls that she is in the same room that her Uncle Reed had died and gets very distraught. This causes her to fear his ghost and this again conveys her powerful sense of imagination. The man also becomes very distraught as time goes by. In a similar way to Jane Eyre, a young Duke had also died in the Red Room in Lorraine Castle, but the man tries not to think about this, unlike Jane. Instead the man occupies himself by talking and lighting candles. When the flames start to disappear, the mans imagination gets the better of him, and like Jane he starts to panic. The concentration of verbs are very intense while the man panics as the author uses verbs like stumbled, fell, snatched, swung and thrust, to emphasise the excitement in the room. Jane has a species of fit towards the end, which is very similar to the man who gets knocked unconscious after falling and striking his head. The rooms drive both to panic as their imaginations get the better of them. The man explains to the old people at the end that it is fear that haunts the room. This means that the room causes the imagination to get the better of you; this is also true in the red room in Jane Eyre. I consider fear, to be an important theme in both stories. Both Jane Eyre and the man are driven to insanity by the constant sense of fear in the rooms. Both authors emphasise the fact that apprehension and dismay alone, causes fear in the rooms. H G Wells chose the title The Red Room for his short story because the room is the main focus of the story. The story is based on the red room and its mystery, which is finally explained by a mysterious young man who witnessed the fear inside the room. The Red Room is also chosen as a title, because of the symbolic meanings of the colour. Red is symbolic of blood, which contains a religious connection. This can be associated with death or supernatural forces which immediately reflects the feeling of fear inside the room.

Gahndis Seven Sins essays

Gahndis Seven Sins essays Gandhis creed stated seven sins: wealth without work, pleasure without conscience, knowledge without character, commerce without morality, science without humanity, worship without sacrifice, and politics without principle. These sins are committed everyday in business and in people lives. Wealth without work, includes playing the stock market; gambling; and sweatshop slavery. With capitalism and materialism spreading around the world the area between a day's hard work and sitting back and profiting from other people's labor is growing. Pleasure without conscience, people find ways of bringing excitement to their everyday lives. Taking drugs and playing dangerous games cause health problems. Irresponsible acts of sexual pleasure also cost the peoples health. Not only do young people lose their childhood but babies are brought into the world and often left uncared for. The emotional, financial, and moral price is on everyone. We ignore spiritual pleasures of life and prefer t he physical pleasures, which is "pleasure without conscience. Knowledge without character is the obsession with materialism that makes us concerned about getting knowledge to get a better job and make money. If someone scored "A's" in every subject and o maintained his grades. He would be known to have become a bookworm. When he passed and got a job, he would not be able to deal with people. He had no time to learn these important parts of life. In return, he could not live with his wife, children nor work with his co-workers. All those years of study and excellent grades did not bring him happiness. Therefore, it is not true that a person who is successful in wealth is necessarily happy. Then theres commerce without morality, we commerce without morality to make more money by any means possible. Price inflation, imitation of brand name products, cheating and making false claims are a few of the ways ...

Is the current state of the law satisfactory in the way it deals with Essay

Is the current state of the law satisfactory in the way it deals with the right to claim in tort or contract for pure economic l - Essay Example Damages delivered for negligent misrepresentation are especially prominent and examines whether the law’s stance on damages for misrepresentation is satisfactory, or unnecessarily contradictory. This paper explores these queries and ultimately demonstrates that the present forms of misrepresentation are unique, complementary, and rational. The court may sometimes decline to find a duty in tort in cases where parties are within a contractual relationship or may hold that a term of a contract has barred or limited what would be a tortuous duty, pre-contractual events such as misrepresentation may give rise to an action in tort. Moreover, it is apparent that, in numerous cases exhibited by negligent failure by professionals to perform their undertakings as per the expectations of their clients, a defendant may be legally responsible for the same claimant in both tort and contract (Wright 22). Voluntary Assumption of Liability A blanket denial of liability can be considered improp er, and the law remain engaged in pursuit of a new basis of practical, limited liability in tort for the incurred losses. The English Law seeks the means to limit liability in Negligence in which, under the initial design of this tort would only hinge on proof of foreseeable harm. Within the English law, the notion of assumption of liability is now expressly utilized as an autonomous basis for a Duty of Care in Negligence (Mulcahy and Tillotson 7). Voluntary assumption of liability details the notion that naturally belongs to the prefecture of the law of contract and forms the foundation of contractual liability. Whereas it is apparent that it is difficult to have a contract devoid of assumption of liability by the parties, the contrary is not obvious as the law should only award effect to an assumption of liability in case there is an enforceable Contract (Mulcahy and Tillotson 8). Allowing for the assumption of liability to operate as the grounds for extra-contractual liability ca n remedy the injustice. Moreover, although, the parameters detailed in the formation of a valid Contract are reasonably wide the restrictions obliged within a legal system on liability in Tort (limitation of claims in time and narrowly defined vicarious liability) may not permit the fair treatment of claims emanating out of direct dealings between the parties within circumstances in which a valid contract cannot be interfered (Wright 23). The assumption of liability may be employed as the grounds of extra-contractual liability so as to avail a means of limitation of liability for complex forms of negligent harm. The notion of assumption of responsibility as the grounds for extra-contractual, first came into manifestation within the English law in line with claims for compensation of forms of non-intentional harm such as pure economic loss. These forms of harm are complex to compensate, and the main difficulty emanates from serious policy objections to the compensation, grounded on t heir possibility of lack of specificity creates a risk of liability beyond what the courts can practically oblige the defendant and society to honour in absorbing the losses (Nicholas 417). Background The law of negligence can be considered as a reasonably recent development of the English Law. The notion of voluntary assumption of responsibility outside a Contract first gained prominence in English law in connection with claims regarding the claims for the compensation of

Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC) - Essay Example nologies Incorporated), principally involved in the integration of radiology images information into healthcare enterprise networks improving radiology workflow efficiencies, reduces operating costs and improves medical decision making processes. Thomson One (2004) will be utilized on this financial analysis process for it provides a complete presentation of various companies’ profile, financial statements, and past and projected operations that are very useful to investors, creditors, and other business entities as well for financial analysis purposes prior to business acquisition, purchase, merger, or investment undertakings. Thomson One exhibited quantitative information of the 3-year business operations of Siemens Medical Solutions Diagnostics Limited. Presented were financial statements as of 09/30/2007, 12/31/2006, and 12/31/2005. The most recent financial statement recorded was on 09/30/2007 and the balance sheet have these values (presented in millions): Total Assets (all current and 0 long term) = 784.41; Total Liabilities (all current and 0 long term) = 306.43; Total Shareholder’s Equity (all common equity and 0 preferred equity) = 477.99. For the rate of change year over year starting from 2006 (2005 as the base year), it can be observed that all components of the balance sheet had marginally increased: Total Assets = 83.03%; Total Liabilities = 303.16%; and Total Shareholder’s Equity = 19.83%. By 2007, Total Assets unfavorably dropped by 11.56%; Total Liabilities was decreased by 29.68%; and Total Shareholder’s Equity had increased by 5.95%. For the Income Statement of the company, the 3-year business operations had been profitable with its peak year on 2006 generating a marginal net profit of 262.685 (million), equivalent to 337.99% increase from 59.975 profit during 2005. On 2007, net income had decreased to 49.302, equivalent to 81.23% decrease in profit from the previous year’s business operation. Thomson One presents the 5-year

Differences in liberal and realist approaches

Differences in liberal and realist approaches Every group interaction between humans in different activities entails defining the participants in discrete groups of two. The purpose of which is to differentiate between one group of participants that excel from the other group that does not. The exact labeling of these groups varies with the activity under consideration. Morally speaking, a person can be grouped into either good or evil class; Talking about football, a player can be grouped into either superior or inferior category; economics also entails dividing the people who study them as either classical or Keynesians. Though the initial two groups occupy the end points of a horizontal scale, there are many entities that interconnect these two, thereby filling the grey area. They never full advocate the logic of any one of the two rather argue for an amalgamation, offering a middle path to any eventual solution. The history of Political science as an academic field of study also has been imbued with an eternal clash of ideas between two schools of thought. Throughout generations these two schools have vied for the coveted position in explaining the nature of humans as political entities. One sees humans as increasingly self centered and find little in them to work collectively for the benefit of all humankind; the other believes in the selflessness of the same humanity and sees hope and reason to continue working for a world where everything would be characterized by principles of freedom. The former is called the Realist school of thought while the latter stance is that of the Liberals. The clash is particularly evident in the area of International Relations within Political Science. Here realists think of the international state system as increasingly anarchic, believe that all states work in their self interest and characterize international politics as power centered concentrating on balance of power, and finally that war is inevitable in the international state system. On the other hand, liberals argue that that there is great room for cooperation and benefit for all in the international state system, believe that states can and do work for mutual benefit and find evidence against the realist claim that all international politics is power politics. They also argue that war is avoidable and complex interdependence has also a role to play in the international arena. If the above demarcation separates the liberals and realists within IR, the academia within another relatively new sub discipline of Political Science, IPE, had also followed that pattern in their study of a relationship of international politics and economics. Realism in IPE has been more often called as mercantilism. In both case they represent the same school in a sense that both of them act as synonyms for a particular school of thought. Mercantilism has come to find more usage as a term within IPE as opposed to realism in IR. As the aspect of international politics economy under discussion is international tra de, I will use realism as mercantilism throughout the course of this paper to remain synonymous with the terminology used within IPE. The paper would give a brief introduction of the two discourses within IPE and then scrutinize them further side by side till the end of the paper. The conclusion aims to provide a brief understanding as to where were headed in this discussion now and in the future. Liberalism traces its roots to about two hundred years ago to economic philosophers Adam Smith and David Ricardo. Liberalism has abounded in popularity in the aftermath of the WWI and WWII. Although limitations have come around in the inability of liberalism to bear the fruit which it so vigorously argued for, liberals are found everywhere today in the business community of the West, Wall Street, IMF and World Bank etc. Liberals praise the benefits of free market and trade. Liberals most important contribution is the idea that all participants in a system of free markets and trade are beneficiaries (Cohen, p 12, 2008). The view does not stop at the junction of free market. They fail to give due importance to the role of Politics in free markets and trade. State for most liberals is a negative and holistic entity which should be kept out of the affairs of the free market as it impairs the Laissez-faire idea of market regulation. Mercantilism rightly claims to have the longest intellectual tradition because this emphasizes the importance of nations and power in thinking about economic issues. Mercantilists contrast most sharply with liberals in asserting that the gain of one nation usually comes at the expense of others (Cohen, p. 12, 2008). As a result mercantilists see international economy increasingly characterized by a close relationship between economic, technological and military strength; all topped by a greater national influence. Mercantilist arguments are increasingly used by countries and groups disadvantaged by international trade as a cover for their inability to stimulate domestic development process. They argue for self serving initiatives like protectionism etc. in the areas of economics and military technology. The contribution of mercantilists is to recognize that international economic relations operate within a world of competitive and conflictual nations (Cohen, p. 12, 2008). For mercant ilists, power and economic motives both play an important role in the shaping of international economic cooperation or competition. The two ends of the spectrum are linked together by a multitude of theories and discourses. The links at times appear to be very convincing while at other times add to the already prevalent confusion in this field. This uncertainty is what makes IPE as a discipline so interesting to study. The feeling of intrigue very much abounds within oneself as one studies more and more the web that connects nations in international politics or separates them. International political economy is not an easy subject and the major tool for analyzing IPE, trade, becomes harder to critically analyze with the aim of reaching towards a specific conclusion. Hence one should delve further into IPE with an open mind and let the discourse guide oneself towards any eventual conclusion. The modality of the topic requires me to compare and contrast liberalism and mercantilism. The framework that I intend to use is to analyze both in terms of their key actors, key dynamic and their stand on conflict and cooperation in the international arena of trade. I also intend to put side by side their inception as an academic school of thought and see if any meaningful result can be deducted from it. The origin of the mercantilist school of thought can be traced back to the emergence of nation based politics in Europe during the fifteenth century. Liberals found root in the wake of the industrial revolution of the eighteenth and nineteenth century. In this sense Mercantilism ideas have had a longer life than their liberalist counterparts. Liberal ideas earned much approval and favoritism in the wake of the failure of realism as an effective discourse describing and governing the international politics that led to the bloody World Wards I and II. Liberals see the international trade system as interdependent rather than anarchic and self serving as advocated by realists. Realists see the international trade as a zero sum game, the gain of one country is the loss of another, which liberals see it as a positive sum game that the growth of international trade is of benefit to everyone. Liberals give the idea of the growing of a pie, as the pie gets bigger the slice each participant ge ts also increases. Here one should question that this example fails to give due account to the question that which participant gets the bigger slice. Also that due to the comparative or absolute advantages that some countries hold over the other, those countries grow at a rate higher than the others. Also the countries not possessing the comparative or absolute advantage require huge domestic political costs to be entailed if a shift is made from no advantage sectors to ones having comparative advantage in its domestic economy; these costs include unemployment, temporary inflation, public backlash, loss of political support for the government in power etc. For example during the Vietnam war, President Nixon decided against raising taxes to cut back US trade deficit because it might weaker his already fragile political support. Now this differential growth rates for different countries presents itself as a dilemma for a state especially since the concept of a state is an entity that is supposed to provide the best possible package of security, progress and life style towards its citizens. In the pursuit of this self or collective interest of realists and liberals respectively, the former believe that power has an equal, if not stronger, role to play along with economics in the international economy and trade relations; the latter tend to underplay the role of power in the international politics and emphasize the ability of states to choose between attractive courses of action. Nevertheless, mercantilist arguments have often come to be chosen as routes for underdeveloped nations to catch up with their developed counterparts. Alexander Hamilton writing in the 1970s urged Americans to protect their manufacturers from foreign competition so that they could industrialize and increase their power. Almost a hundred years later, Fredrick List argued that Germany should industrialize behind trade barriers so that it could catch up to the economic might of Great Britain (OBrien Williams, 2004). The protectionist apprehensions or favoritism continue till this day. As recently as on the 17th of November this year, President Hu Jintao of China in a joint news conference with President Obama called for joint opposition to trade protectionism (China and US to work together, 2009). Realists see the state as the key actor in the international arena, while for liberals the starting point of analysis is the individual. Liberals argue for a complete freedom for the needs of the individual by arguing that if left alone the individuals would maximise the gain of the entire humankind regardless of their origin. Liberals see state interference in the market as negative and advocate the freedom of the market to self govern. Realists on the other hand believe that there is nothing natural about markets. They are artificially within the social contract of each state, which requires that a markets functions have to be regulated by a higher authority. Similarly realists doubt the role firms have to play within the domestic markets and as expected for liberals the presence of firms is a positive omen in a sense it increases the overall wealth of any country. Realists prefer state to the individual and for liberals its vice versa. Even within liberal thought, there exist a de marcation separating those who are hardcore liberals and those who acknowledge the role state has to play. It ranges from those who see the state fading away in an emerging borderless world (Ohmae 1990) that will be dominated by private business to liberal institutionalists (Keohane and Nye, 1977) who stress the continuing importance of the state, but see it enmeshed in webs of interdependence and international organization (OBrien Williams, 2004). Moving towards the dynamics of these two discourses, for liberal theorists the market lies at the centre of economic life (OBrien Williams, 2004). Realists feel the rational activity of the state characterizes the dynamics of international trade and cooperation. Here the rational activity by any is undertaken with an aim to get the best possible outcome for its citizens. Liberals admit the shortfall of markets to weave their magic in certain fragile times of international trade but theyre almost certain in their belief that any further state involvement at that fragile instant is certain to worse the already weak market situation. Realists back out of this argument by maintaining that market relations are important but market is governed by the activities of the state. Economic activities and actors are subordinate to political agendas and actors respectively. The consequence of the salience of the state is that international economic relations become international political relatio ns (OBrien Williams, 2004). Realist scholars believe that the nature of global economy reflects the interests of the most powerful states by arguing that free trade regimes tend to exist during the times when a single state dominates the entire world system; as the hegemon can absorb the costs associated with imposing the free trade system. As the system degrades towards a multiple power centre system, conflict characterizes the international relationship between states as interests contradict. Liberals maintain that if all the countries maintain free trade policies and shun self centered motives, conflict would certainly not take place. They give the example of Europe following the WWII and also that liberal democracies never go to war with one another. The phenomenon of globalization has evoked two tiered response within both the realist and the liberal school of thought. Defensive nationalists within realism admit the presence of globalization and work to undermine it rather tha n skeptics who dont see any form of globalization at all. Within liberalism too a similar trend is produced; hyper globalists see globalization as breaking down barriers between countries and unleashing a force of production bound to produce further happiness for humankind (OBrien Williams, 2004). Liberals influenced with Keynesian principles still see the problems of free markets in certain scenarios as cause for possible hesitation towards globalization; it might have some unwanted outcomes. They support the need for market reform till its perfection is achieved. Finally dealing with the aspect of conflict and cooperation, liberals see international trade as essentially cooperative as opposed to the realist view that it is conflictual. Example of theories within both the schools that advocate their respective ideas include the theory of comparative advantage within liberalism that describe that even while possessing a comparative advantage, not absolute, in a certain area of production, one can benefit from trade in the international trade. Realist power based theories moan the absence of any higher authority in the international state system which they see as must to regulating any cooperation and mutual benefit in the international trade. The concern for liberals with nationalist policies is that they lead to conflict. Liberal theorists see trade interaction as strengthening bonds for peace and stability. The liberal belief in the connection between protectionist policies and conflict and the reverse argument, namely that capitalist favours peace and conflict and the reverse argument, namely that capitalist favours peace, is central to the liberal critique of the international economic order. (OBrien Williams, p. 20, 2004) Immanuel Kant foresaw an era of perpetual peace when all the world market systems would be characterized by Free states and international state an alliance of democratic states. Woodrow Wilson advocated adopting liberal principles for the international state system following World War I; also a founding principle for the League of Nations. Similar nationalist policies following the Great Depression were understood to have aggravated relations between countries leading up to the World War II. Citing the pluralist nature of international trade and economic system, liberal theory of complex interdependence explain the connection between increase economic exchange and interconnectedness and the long peace among Western nations after 194 5represent classical liberal political economy (OBrien Williams, p. 21, 2004). The belief of international cooperation and conflict of realists tend to start with their lack of total belief in the abilities of market. Markets for realists produce both positive and negative outcomes. Since, due to their inherent assumption I believe, most realists see markets negative outcomes more than their positive ones realists argue for state control of important economic variables of their domestic economy. A liberal economy sees these very controls as measures of protectionism. Mercantilist arguments are prevalent more in sectors which are either critical to a nations existence or has to do with their cultural values. Examples of either of these could be a countrys defence industry or their local film and music industry etc. With the culmination of the cold war as well as the communist setups of many countries around the globe it appears liberal policies have seem to be dominate, for now. It remains to be seen how long does this majority support goes in red efining the international economic and political structure. Some liberals went as far as to claim that history had ended because the liberal democratic model had triumphed over other forms of social organization (Fukuyama, 1992). Robert Cox said, Theory is always for someone and for some purpose (p. 207, 1986). The presence of different ideas in analyzing one aspect of international economic system finds its roots in a number of reasons. The first of these is that although all the theories are trying to explain one single phenomenon, they are looking at it from different angles. One theory looks at it from the angle of security, for the other its economics that holds the upper hand and for another school of thought, Marxism or critical perspective, its all about class struggle. Another reason is the group of people the theorization is coming from. Rich and influential people would tend to favour liberal trade policies as it offers the least resistance in conducting their business and reaping profits. Under privileged group of people would advocate for protectionist policies that would protect their interests. One last reason is that due to the subjective nature of opinions and reasons, it is not possible to g et an absolute categorization of a theory as right or wrong. Theories are based on observations, not mathematical truths. Thus their rightfulness depends on the value judgment that particular groups of people apply to them. It is important for us to realize is that we do not have to follow any one particular school of thought blindly. The presence of multiple layers of explanation presents one with a tool to apply ones thinking to any specific case. More over one can find any amalgamation describing ones own stance between these layers of theorizations that has taken place until now within International Political Economy. References Cohen, B. (2008). International Political Economy An Intellectual History, 17 39. OBrien, R., Williams, M. (2004). Global Political Economy Evolution and Dynamics, 11 36. (2009, November 17). China and US to work together. BBC News. Retrieved from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8363643.stm

Emily Dickinson Essay

A poem, sonnet, short story, and other kinds of literature all seem useless if no one has ever read it. The true value of words can only be best appreciated when their meaning reaches other people. Emily Dickinson, one of the authors renowned to have produced some the finest literary pieces, has touched the hearts of many people all around the world through her works. Even today, years after she passed away, her works and influence linger for generations to come. There is no better way to understand the present without knowing and tracing the remnants of the past. Emily Dickinson’s classics give people a better grasp of the kind of life that people lived during her time. Analyzing the writing style and the perspective of an author such as Dickinson will give the people a comparison of today and yesterday. Most authors write based on their experience or the surrounding environment, and studying these pieces of literature will provide a person with information about the author, his or her family, and daily living. Emily Dickinson’s father was a lawyer and her mother was a housewife. She was born to a wealthy family in Massachusetts and was blessed with good education. She was proved to be an introvert yet an intelligent student. She started writing shortly after she attended the Mount Holyoke Female Seminary (Famous Poets and Poems, 2009). Most of her works center on the issues of death, immortality, nature, and faith. She dedicated her poem entitled â€Å"Safe in their Alabaster Chambers† to her friend and fellow author Thomas Wentworth who participated in the Civil War (Famous Poets and Poems, 2009). â€Å"Because I Could Not Stop for Death† is also one of her famous and well-talked about poems. It obviously talks about death and the afterlife. Some of the controversial lines are the following: â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death, / He kindly stopped for me. / The carriage held but just ourselves / And immortality† (Dickinson, 2000a, n. p. ). In the poem, the author uses the point of view of someone who has experienced eternity to describe it. She illustrates her life’s journey through childhood, maturity, and old age. Contrary to most views, the author describes death as a gentleman who came to take her towards the afterlife. Death is one of the topics she chose probably because it was during her time when the Civil War erupted, and all her loved ones were dying, like her friend Wentworth. Experiencing the death of a loved one makes a person contemplate about it. Emily Dickinson also gave breath to the famous quote, â€Å"love is life† and â€Å"If I could stop one heart from breaking† (Dickinson, 2000b, n. p. ; Dickinson, 2000c, n. p. ). Love is the shortest most powerful word that ever existed. The author is correct when she said that â€Å"love is life† because its power transcends death (Dickinson, 2000c, n. p. ). During the 19th century, people fought hard for life and love. That is why most works coming from these times talk so passionately and deeply about it. â€Å"If I Could Stop One Heart from Breaking† is another classic that talks about what a person can do to help another being. She expounds further by saying that her life would not be in vain if she could help ease a person’s pain (Dickinson, 2000b). Life is too short to be wasted for selfish reasons, and as such, the life of an individual who takes the time to go an extra mile for others will not be in vain. Emily Dickinson’s works are priceless because they will never go out of style, and her words of wisdom can be applied all throughout the ages. She had a rough life, and she clearly made her point using her words. She is one of the most acknowledged and successful authors of all time not only because of her unique and classical perspective, but also because she succeeded in giving the people of today a peek of what it felt like to have lived and loved in the 19th century. References Dickinson, E. (2000a). Because I could not stop for death. The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. New York: Bartleby. com.Retrieved June 22, 2009, from http://www. bartleby. com/113/4027. html. Dickinson, E. (2000b). If I could stop one heart from breaking. The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. New York: Bartleby. com. Retrieved June 22, 2009, from http://www. bartleby. com/113/1006. html. Dickinson, E. (2000c). That I did always love. The Complete Poems of Emily Dickinson. New York: Bartleby. com. Retrieved June 22, 2009, from http://www. bartleby. com/113/3008. html. Famous Poets and Poems. (2009). Emily Dickinson Biography. Retrieved June 24, 2009, from http://famouspoetsandpoems. com/poets/emily_dickinson/biography.

Tina Turner

Tina Turner (born Anna Mae Bullock; November 26, 1939) is an American singer and actress whose career has spanned more than 50 years. She has won numerous awards and her achievements in the rock music genre have earned her the title The Queen of Rock ‘n' Roll.[1][2][3] Turner started out her music career with husband Ike Turner as a member of the Ike & Tina Turner Revue.[4] Success followed with a string of hits including â€Å"River Deep, Mountain High† and the 1971 hit â€Å"Proud Mary†. With the publication of her autobiography I, Tina (1986), Turner revealed severe instances of spousal abuse against her by Ike Turner prior to their 1976 split and subsequent 1978 divorce. After virtually disappearing from the music scene for several years following her divorce from Ike Turner, she rebuilt her career, launching a string of hits beginning in 1983 with the single â€Å"Let's Stay Together† and the 1984 release of her fifth solo album Private Dancer. Her musical career led to film roles, beginning with a prominent role as The Acid Queen in the 1975 film Tommy, and an appearance in Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band. She starred opposite Mel Gibson as Aunty Entity in Mad Max Beyond Thunderdome for which she received the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture, and her version of the film's theme, â€Å"We Don't Need Another Hero†, was a hit single. She appeared in the 1993 film Last Action Hero. One of the world's most popular entertainers, Turner has been called the most successful female rock artist[5] and was named â€Å"one of the greatest singers of all time† by Rolling Stone.[6] Her albums and singles have sold nearly 180 million copies worldwide.[7][8] She has sold more concert tickets than any other solo music performer in history.[9][10] She is known for her energetic stage presence,[2] powerful vocals, career longevity,[9] and widespread appeal.[11] In 2008, Turner left semi-retirement to embark on her Tina!: 50th Anniversary Tour.[12][13] Turner's tour became one of the highest selling ticketed shows of 2008-2009.[8] Turner was born a Baptist, but converted to Buddhism and credits the spiritual chants with giving her the strength that she needed to get through the rough times.[14]

Standardized Tests Between Pre-school and Senior Year - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 609 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Management Essay Level High school Tags: Standardized Testing Essay Did you like this example? Studies show that the common student takes 112 authorized standardized tests between pre-school and senior year. In todays world, standardized tests are a source to make serious choices about students, including grade advancement or high school graduation, and higher education assessment. Supporters of standardized test say that they are fair, objective, and accurate while critics say that they are unreliable, biased, and flawed. Most people either think it is the most effective way to measure students abilities or it is a headache for everyone involved. Standardized testing has triggered a national debate in recent years. Background By definition, standardized tests are administered and scored in a consistent, or standard, matter. Standardized tests were initially set up as a measurement that everyone could use as a indicator of achievement. In the United States, students begin taking standardized tests in elementary school. They are given identically in every school and classroom all around the world. Most of us are accustomed to the traditional multiple choice format, but they can also cover true-false questions, short-answer questions, essay questions, or a mixture of question types. Many people debate just how effective they are on students education. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Standardized Tests Between Pre-school and Senior Year" essay for you Create order Standardized tests are beneficial because they provide measurements of the everyday performance of students in their particular grade level. This helps highlight those who may need further assistance and who may need to move up to a more advanced class. It also shows teachers and parents whether or not each child is learning at the correct pace. A strong standardized test score can show colleges that you are ready to take on the challenge of college. The primary purpose of each grade level is to prepare students for the next grade level, and to help them succeed in the real world. It may not prepare them for life necessarily, but it can ensure them a good academic future which leads to a good job. The world outside of school is challenging. Standardized test can help prepare you for your future. As long as you try your best, there is no failure. Walberg says, Students who practice demonstrating their knowledge and skills on standardized tests throughout their school career become better prepared to meet future educational, occupational, and professional goals. While the rigor of these tests may change at the college level, the content on the tests are designed to help prepare students for the difficulty of college. Standardized test taking develops habits that help students not only with the test but throughout life. (Walberg) The workforce today requires more educated and advanced workers, which requires individuals to study intensively to pass necessary tests. Time spent teach test With so much depending on the test results, teachers often feel forced to teach the test. This means that teaching and learning has only became an activity that prepares students to test according to state standards. Many teachers just want their students to pass the test to make themselves look good instead of assuring that students are learning the information. Focus high test scores Teachers are put under pressure for their students to do well on the tests. They have to be anxious all year about testing and how well their students will do instead of being anxious about their students actually learning. Many teachers are evaluated based on test scores in subjects they have never taught. Teachers who teach more advanced classes are obviously going to have higher test scores than those of the standard class. The load to better education in public schools has pushed teachers to boost the use of memorization and drills that force students to move away from thinking methods that help them in reasonable conditions.