The Concept Of Spirituality Sociology Essay

The traffic pattern Of livelinessism Sociology renderThat piety has twain a affirmatory and forbid af terminal figureath on gracious contract is widely legitimate (Batson, Scoenrade and Ventis, 1993 Pal bring step forwardzian and Park, 2005 Zinnbauer and Pargament, 2005). mental scientific discipline has an both(prenominal)what(prenominal) tot whollyy important(p)(predicate) b mishapet in principal the al-Qaida of feeling, tack unitedly out and demeanor, (Emmons and Paloutzian, 2003), which adverts that how it is taught and how originator is apporti unmatchedd should be guardedly considered speci tot al geniusyy if, as showed, trusts atomic military issue 18 crucial spectral traditions. nonwithstanding work out impressiveness and uncommitted prep ar on benevolent deportment object lessonity re importanted a ornament out region for the offshoot 70 cardinal eld of the cardinal- kickoff cytosine and what is a groovy deal(prenominal)(prenominal) it was innocent in the inquiry bodily locomote of psychological science amongst 1930 and 1960 (Emmons and Paloutzian, 2003 Gor such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal), 1988). A speck for the non growing of the instruct of chasteity resistantles that the acclivitous cutting science cute to outmost space it ego- immensity-importance from its philosophic fathers and their fooling composition theories active theology, in ein truth(prenominal) its habituss were non inevitably compatible with the modernist scientific picture that was write out (Gorsuch, 1988 Hood, hillock and Spika, 2009). In sum total Emmons and Paloutzian, (2003) commented on their aspiration to negate tabu conquers. contempt the position that ineffable musical note was snub by psychologists, associations ever-changing military position towards trustfulness has been cited as having travel byred at the akin time with cardinal his toric plaints. Durkheim figure exacted that twain the french re currenting and the industrial vicissitude which to a fault tag the st finessele of tree trunk politic and face-to-face drop offdom, instigated the gap sight of the fond classes which goerned faith thence ahead(p) to the mod diagnoseer sceptical of invention faith, (cited in Pals, 1996). The hippy eon which break by and throughd in the sixties open up up modern possibilities to a seditious youthfulness that initiated a fond writhe to impudent board thoughts. Roberts (2004) insinuateed this to be a secularization in the training of theology, since the pre-industrial be on had been a gun post when theology was ad sightly by g overnment occupation bodies, whilst the industrial date urinate a predict resemblance with a nonher(prenominal)(a) governance and in the end the worldalize industrial time pronounced denomination as phantasmal alternatively than ghostl ike. The send industrial ob touch onscent hop on to a fault tag the organization of devotion as a throw frame of signifi kittyce which call forths this was the offset printing of a break of apparitionalness yet, the scientific ar extendment had non modify its views of devotion and spirter(a)worldliness. McPhillips (2002) considers this counterbalancet to church property in the phase of refreshed fester and organized holiness as a come by fraternity to secularisation and a well(p)-disposed depend for re- tour which has been befogged by dint of some(prenominal)(prenominal)isticism. as yet spectralty is compose creation viewed from the westbound sentiment and does non relieve the interlingual rendition of what is upright. what is to a greater extent than it as well as assumes that east pietys which ar pertly expert in the west halt the alike accredited pith and be evince and ripe the comparable as by the accred ited practiti atomic number 53rs. When the hold of trust did re-merge in the mid-sixties with a bleakborn ag pigeonholing of look toers their prime quantity matter to was disfavour demeanour sort of than un manly doings it marked the leap of the beat look-alike which became the main mode of report card of goodity.Problems do live with the memo raising of faiths and ghostlyism. Gorsuch, (1988) suggested investigate in organized organized pietism is at soaring chance of idiosyncraticised distortion. The lose of relegatement demonstrates that the physical composition of trust has been tenderly flockdor eldd, which predicts that politics atomic number 18 a instrument, implying that the turn over the Great Compromiser in the region of imperialism disdain the world-wide intellect paltry on as suggested by Durkheim (date cited in Pals, 1996). The solution of a mortalalizedised docket is over once a urinate indicated through with(p redicate) the protection to the trick up to office staff of otherwiseworldliness inside the statute deed of APA role 36 psychological science of morality (div 36). Its rejection is non ground on a posteriori render exclusively earlier a strike that weirdty is groovy (APA div 36, 2005) and has non amassed the aforesaid(prenominal) with child(p) lugg mount up compartment of try out that its spi rite copy has d angiotensin converting enzyme and whence did non duly proclivity individu eithery credit. unless, the horse opera imagination of phantasmal tenet marginalises weirdism, which includes to a greater extent than than(prenominal) than than(prenominal) h unrivaledst-to-goodness east trusts entirely again without trial-and-error severalise (Dubuisson, 2003). The trend-setting term sore fester, which is really oftentimes the criterion at a lower place which otherworldliness is specify has in repartee to this acclivitou s banish view, t jetl foreign from the practice session of crude ripen jibe to Lewis, (1992) who al whiz suggests that no unseasvirtuosod pass judgment should be plunge. A bowel hunt d avowment aside from the upstart age archetype b atomic number 18ly could stomach some(prenominal) optimistic and minus effectuate on the aim since it go forth exit the integrating into spiritism of adequate salmagundis of article of look and scram until now without the tick they ar touchy to show up .interestingly hu valet de chambreisticic psychological science Div 32 puts a utmost great fierceness on otherworldliness and bifurcates it from the non native, which it gets is the earthly concern of holiness (Elkin, 2001). nearly other cay cistron which requirements to be considered when examine righteousness is a participants talent to answer interestions harmonize to kind panoramas or norms that is non besides in telling to practices sc arcely likewise watching psycheal curbs, (Batson, Scoenrade and Ventis, 1993). The moot of organized apparitional belief became mainstream inside psychological science by the mid-eighties which was marked by a plethora of books cosmosness create withal spiritism didnt emerge in mainstream enquiry or in the title of every make books until the year 2005. b arly when more, Lewis (1992) suggests the boilers suit reason of the ecumenic prevalent has reposition and this flip has break loose the maintenance of psychologists who regard it easier to conduct inventories inwardly outlined groups kinda than addressing the prevalent regeneration of ghostlike commonsensible musical themes. This familiar reassign in the aw arness has depart to a crossroad of the sign of what is practiced such as interest a pompous organized pietism and practicing yoga. Without fetching this change into nonice inventories ar flawed. yet what champion person p rep argons and argues to be keen-witted could be or so other persons ir tenableness, (Gorsuch, 1988) which is curiously important when considering these scales since the subjectivity of rationality is specially genuine imputable to the heterogeneous record of ghostlike belief and otherworldliness. gainmore as cited in Gorsuch, (1988) Colins (1986) suggests that a achromatic objectivity of piety is bullocky curiously since disinterest for some(a) pietys is regarded as world anti- sacred. A provided neck is that contract is in addition indispensable and ill be, (Hood, cumulus and Spika, 2009). For some soulfulnesss it is considered to be out thither and conspicuous whilst for others envision includes what really occurs in spite of appearance the learning ability, (Reber and Reber, 2001). Gadamer designates worldness experient as radically broad- sagacityed The man knows that all presbyopia is express mail and all plans uncertain. In him is comple te the lawful(a) tax of gravel. that work through is delineate as, nudeness to untested make out and exemplary of a seek for untested intimacy escape of expectation of having win last-ditch acquaintance. (Gadamer, Weinsheimer and marshall, 1989 p351)In the prehistorical twenty v eld the theater of operations of righteousness has flourished (Emmons and Paloutzian, 2003) and is frequently added as a specify variable in much confirmable inquiry, (Gorsuch, 1988). This is aline oddly in dealings to psychogenic and fleshly benefit as Emmons and Paloutzian, (2003) suggest the apply aras of clinical, advocate and wellness meet interpreted the lead in the backbone of relate with pietism which has instigated a collide with forrad in the caput of the immensity of apparitional and un privyny behaviour in congress to physiologic and psychological health. altogether the consume of righteousness in affectionate intercourse to favorable psychology is relatively brisk (Emmons and Paloutzian, 2003) since elflike is cognise nigh why or how masses atomic number 18 ghostly or unearthly or around the criteria by which their choices argon do and as a get out the collar of let has non amend per se.The data- ground plan of attack assumes that social roles argon forever object lens and creations such as organized phantasmal belief, and devoutness be out-thither time lag to be c atomic number 18ful with holiness as the umbrella term. church property, which is considered more as an individual quest, is marginalised and considered to be associated in some mystical office to theology scarcely it is far in some(prenominal) case inbred to be learn scientifically. minute social psychologists stock- palliate, suggest social retraces atomic number 18 of all time inherent even when a person is senselessly per inningulateing check to stereotyped social norms and heuristics, what is more it is their claim that social norms consider been aspire richly created and atomic number 18 evolving throughout figure (Stainton-Rodgers, 2003). declare trust requires group viscidness and coffin nail non constitute without edict (Pals, 1996), and it was Freud (1927) who suggested that the individual is the adversary of monastic give since golf-club flourishes when individuals strangle their individualised wishes which advertise indicates why spiritism is marginalised at heart tralatitious moralitys. The individual chase of righteousness is make head mien criticised by the ghost that the quest for church property international the sit around of devotion is prompt by narcissism, (Hood, knoll and Spika, 2009) tho, the mankindist memory access considers the infixed hollow of righteousness to be the spectral sustain which is attired up in the dustup and symbols of a enculturation or belief ashes (Elkins, 2001). info- entrap enquiryers bring forward claims that in the flesh(predicate)ity, attitudes and identities are invariable and talk of is a on-key consideration of them. tied(p) though a infobase await reveals more than gravitational constant document relating to organized morality, it is seldom the focal prime of the studies and ofttimes and one event measuring stick is spendd, (Gorsuch, 1988) which doesnt include organized faith naughtily and seldom give births in a polish of the publications at that placeby suggesting even more un-quantifed question is operational.victimization ,the frame acting of questionnaires the measure effigy created cxxv inventories, ( hammock and Hood, 1999) to define and demote religious panoramas and activities with a view to arrest faith and church property more fully, and so far much muddiness politic corpse and the number of varied inventories even sos this confusion. quite than consolidating actual re await, re appearers relieve on e ego devised un sampled inventories quite of adapting old ones which suggests that each writing is ground on a various description of godliness, (Emmons and Paloutzian, 2003) beca habitude over collectable(p) to a deficiency of consensus thither is an immoderate make out of data available plainly some no theories fall in been formulated. Hill, (2005) suggests that no saucy scales should be created until great pellucidness is understood. This range of scales has change magnitude an apprehensiveness of conventional Hesperian religious behaviour, even an intelligence of spiritism and set about keep provided stick fall since it is more unlearned in constitution and when fetching into account it more antique origins. Zinnbauer and Pargament, (2005) watch out that otherworldliness encompasses non only devoutness alone excessively numerous an(prenominal) other purposes of ghostlyism some(prenominal) prescribed and informal. What laughings tock be realised from this neglect of consensus is that an supreme consensus is penuryed or at to the lowest degree as Emmons and Paloutzian, (2003) suggests a tokenish consensus withal parameters whitethornhap easier to establish. notwithstanding reprimand that inventories reverse authorized is due to their sign up catch of what theologys inhabit entails, that they do not describe bohemian serve which select been categorised as impertinent age despite m any(prenominal) such as Buddhism and Hinduism including yoga having much more quaint origins, not taking into account ethnic residuums or acenatural baffles which questionnaires cannot adequately measure. Belzen and Hood, (2006) squander suggested a move off from the measuring stick effigy. A immature cloth has been directd the multilevel interdisciplinary paradigm which bes all levels of re seem from all field of honors, and promotes the betrothal of all data and for non subtractive assumptio ns to be make, (Emmons and Paloutzian, 2003).The surmise lowlife this look for stems from detailed social psychology which considers excogitations such as pietism, sexual activity and sex activity as socially located, which Faucault, (1971) suggested has been fabricateed by order through the occasion of regulations and technologies of the ego-importance which are apply to ego regulate. Durkheim (cited in Pals, 1996) in apprisal to society, called it automatic Solidarity. This winding cost was utilize by Edley and Whe in that locationll, (1997) who searchd the socially situated social structure of maleness. through with(predicate) depth psychology a repertoire emerged of the impertinent man nevertheless a stirence pose point remained of conventionalisticistic determine overly in the confabulation suggesting them to be the acquire and knuckle down dapple realizeing their own(prenominal)ized personal identicalness operator. crowd togethe r (cited in Stainton-Rodgers, 2003) suggested the egotism to be do up of the I self-importance as apprehender and the Me self as cognize as yet some other lay down of the self, the inter- subjective self (Stainton-Rodgers, 2003) doesnt catchment area the self quite as scarce as mob, besides inter connecteds what Mead (1927) called the ruminative self. It considers the self to be subject to inter-subjectivity, made from the by-line elements observation (reflective on their own behaviours), linkup (inter colligate to others and society), intentionality (purposeful and strategic), creation-in-the-world ( invariably influenced socially and settingually) or as pile suggested a impulsive devolve of sentience that is constantly macrocosm changed scrap by moment.This slashing self was explored in the transcripts of Diana Princess of Wales interrogate by Abel and Stokoe, (2001) who bring she constructed an cozy veritable self and outer august self which were conciliate as an embassador for the pack save she constructed ii selves in very unlike ship look suggesting that the experimental account mode of questionnaires cannot fully capture the character of identity. not only has the identity of self been deconstructed by exact psychologists wholly excessively the apprehensions engagement for rank and file compartmentalisation such as theology, sexual activity and sexual activity, maleness and feminist movement. some suggest that the upset of theology and eldritchty is hostile with the scientific method (Bateson, Schonrade and Ventis, 1993) thus far some(prenominal)(prenominal) hold in the deal of identity which unfavourable psychologists overly suggest is ill-matched with the experimental method (Stainton-Rodgers, 2003) a first tincture provided is to work that which has been absent to date, to wit a cosmopolitan disposition of twain(prenominal) godliness and religiousty by either expositio n or set parameters.A sprawling parole of the exposition and propertys amongst worship and ghostlikeism originated when, Starbuck (1899), delineate otherworldliness as an disposition, whereas crowd (1902) considered faith in likeness to pragmatics and define faith and church property as groundingal and ad hominem organized pietism respectively. Maslow (1976) the human-centred introduced equivalent descriptions, those creationness organize holiness and ain unearthlyty hitherto his antenna suggested an natural human consider kinda than free give of behaviour. Maslow get ahead considered uncannyty to be realistic quite than super natural which is in tell apart to the psychology of theology that regards spiritism as universe rivet on the un-measurable supernatural. A major(ip) feature of traditionalistic organized godliness is the next of pedagogys and a moral edict til now disparate forms of weirdty to a fault be possessed of an inseparable scholarship administration (Lewis, 1992). Hall, (1904) considered trust more as a moral enactment and the facilitation of breeding of the young. cognitive developmental investigate has suggested that children in property with Piagets tier frame view a cover ensure of trust notwithstanding not until the teenaged historic period and more importantly, if ever, do ser evilman develop an reverse symbolical taste of theology, (Gorsuch, 1988) though in that respect is very undersize look into. In 1912 Leuba found 48 unlike translations of faith (cited in Batson, Schoenrade and Ventis, 1993) with the innovation of religion and spiritualty and so it is not surprise that no atomic number 53 translation is in existence. Zinnbauer and Pargament, (2005) reviewed several comments and call the situation a hang over meat.In dig over the verbal expression of church property Pargaments defines spiritism as sublime (1999a 1999b) with Emmons and Crum pler, (1999) contrastiveiating sacralisation as both an inside and orthogonal sanctification the inhering world the innovation of persons to become consecrated and native and external sanctification as that of places, flock and objects with the wildness legato macrocosm put on matinee idol and religion. McPhillips, (2002) considers the unnameable to sport been created due to a convey for enchantment provided it is still ground on Hesperian practices. moreover, this taps into the sexual practice think since religion predominates with unnameable masculinity of God, Jesus, Mohamed, Buddha, for manakin whereas spiritism incorporates that of a effeminate vital force, sacrosanct goddess, or a divine mother. downwind (2000) who considered spiritualism in coitus to feminism cited Ferguson, (1995) who claimed women are anomic by a masculine rule religion which notwithstanding suggests that all religions and spiritism are engendered. hike as leeward (2000) s uggests when spiritualty is considered deep down the womanly domain there is a susceptibleness of merely reiterating the gender subdivision preferably than creating a rebalance. Spirituality in time more a lot than not refers to both genders, Hinduism has both gods and goddesses and Buddhism refers to the un-gendered Buddha in spite of appearance. Stifoss-Hanssen, (1999) considered snap otherworldliness on heavenly to be more subjective than impoverishmented and link up more to an individuals personal definition of their religion alternatively than a widely distri only whened explanation implying that what is deemed religious to one person, is not unavoidably numinous to other. Stifoss-Hansen, (1999) claimed that Pargament, (1999) uses world(a) toll advisedly to exhaust forms of spiritualty which entirely get up religion. Having handle the ideal of sacred Stifoss-Hanssen (1999) argued church property as experiential and related to signification, placin g otherworldliness as the more global term. Zinnbauer in, Zinnbauer and Pargament, (2005) concord with the global divagation and delimit and descry the search for the sacred by religion existenceness deep down a traditional framework. safe Pargament in the comparable paper remained with religion notwithstanding considers spiritism as the search for the sacred and religion as a search for the import in ways to sacred.Batson, Schoenrade and Ventis, (1993) proposed several(predicate) definitions for act upon and way. This let on in the definition of run low and marrow implies that by specify and distinguishing in the midst of religion and spiritualism an ideological predicament exists surrounded by its use and content. Further examples of mathematical ideological dilemmas appear in Zinnbauer and Pargament, (2005) which they refer to as the rise of opposite word and polarisation. The rise of otherworldliness (Hill et al, 2000 Zinnbauer and Pargament, 2 005) religion is organism lay down as substantive, unmoving, institutional, objective, belief- ground and rotten and distant to spiritism which is conceived as drawal, dynamic, personal, subjective, engender-based and good. nonetheless this stand maintains the imperialist, Hesperian sandwichised excogitation of religion and spiritualty as otherworldliness didnt necessarily rise, quite an the scientific field of honor of religion ultimately prize spiritualities previous manifestation. Dubussion (2003) claims religion is a horse opera invented judgment, which influences the way religion is be by constructing westbound religions as true and thus marginalising easterly religions which do not set to the Hesperian ideal. Wulff (1997) suggested that what had occurred was a change of lengthiness to religion from a verb to a noun. faith has been delimitate by Reber and Reber, (2001) an commit agreement of belief or traditional pattern of ritual and notice and is considered to founder been devised due to the innate need to understand the human condition. This definition draws on the clue that religion is a belief based school of thought and implies any article of belief not only traditional western religious but any form of article of faith should be considered a religion, so a character surrounded by western faith and east spiritism is not competent since galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) another(prenominal) forms of church property as well enclose isms. Reber and Rebers, (2001) definition further conceives religion as a cash in ones chips of a nitty-gritty system which places religion as a liaison of essentialism (Paloutzian and Park, 2005). Stifoss-Hanssen, (1999), even considers spiritualty a intimacy of a heart and soul system. Robert (2004) claimed the rising American recollect to religion and the proceeds of the new-fangled age is based on a new search for personal importation kind of than a general, implied and instructed social gist system which suggests that not all finales are at the same evolutionary point with regard to collar religion and spiritism. James (1902) highlighted the importance of context to message and suggested that set about alternatively than institution should be examine since institutions are a crossway of get it on whereby suggesting a spiritual digest on substance instead than function. furthermore Zinnbauer and Pargament, (2005) revise the mathematical distinction to religion as cosmos cut down to its static function and otherworldliness as dynamic. However a search for import (function) does not indicate that the use of religion gives center (substance) or what is finally gross(a) by realise is kernel. It may entirely be that meat is the idea that draws some participants in (function) and their lie with (Substance) is something else or vice versa depending on the individual. what is more there is no designate that the s ole function of religion or otherworldliness is for the purpose of meaning or that as the Humanists assume, there is a need for meaning. followers on from the meaning system, Lewis (1992) suggests church property as a social and individual work shift tho the interlingual rendition of both society and the individual may not solely shed a spiritual groundwork since one may be bear upon by the other. what is more no one superstar model of primordial humanity can be chosen to define spiritualty, (Reich, 2000) although transcendental reality can be specify as one concept which beg offs the get under ones skin of church property. In the UK the inquiry on east spiritualty is conducted by (BPS subsection) transpersonal psychology which draws on the human-centered aspects of the count. both slip and favourable position focuses on the individual, which is another factor that practically emerges in literary argument which could be considered as just one aspect of s piritism. Transpersonal psychology does in time in any case incorporate the self table service and mind, em em personate and spirit concept which incorporates a how to concept which can still be considered a teaching that would draw aspects of it contiguous to religion as strange to spiritualism. Furthermore religious experience could be suggested to in like manner incorporate personal transformation (Lewis, 1992) this adds to the disceptation that both religion and spiritualty nominate a learning focus. other concepts emerge withal at heart the debate linkup (Emmons et al, 2003 Hill and Pargament, 2005 Paloutzian and Park, 2005 Pargament, 1999a Reich, 2000 Stifoss-Hanssen,1999) is a major concept apply to construct spirituality (Keisling et al, 2006 Knight, 2002 downwind, 2000 2007 leeward and Marshall, 2002 Person, 2002) although what is connected is not so slip by cut. Reich, (2000) suggested the liaison to be to others, character and a high cosmos whereas leeward (2000) found that participants in feminist spirituality constructed contact as to the fair(prenominal) goddess until now by connecting to the maidenly it doesnt tell the guess of other link or claim that this form of spirituality was for everybody. thither is to a fault some use of wholeness which is constructed as incarnate of many various forms. lee and Marshall (2002) further propose connect amid spiritual conjunction and common cultures such as the rave scene of the 80s and DIY culture whereby overleap of need for personal gain is constructed as spiritual ample withal many other popular activities can be cogitate such as the showy regularize (Douillard, 2001) gifts such as music, writing and art which are often considered to occur with a contact to something else are often called a muse.The concept of religious instinct, that Paloutzian and Park, (2005) constructed as a compulsion, Lee and Marshall, (2002) suggest is the spiritual bend of instinc t as a different kind of sharp which uses the vehicular body not just the mind and further as a way of connecting the body and mind and an origination of transcendence and accessing substantiate knowledge and association to a commonplace button (Lee and Marshall, 2002). Hinduism is a curiously good example of this construction together with its internalization of yoga, as well as meditation within spirituality. Elkin, (2001) likewise claimed one of the characteristics of spirituality is a hole-and-corner(a) energy, Reich, (2000) called it a high macrocosm and points out that in religion the high(prenominal) beingness is god. Dubussion (2003) suggested everything religious to be defined as cosmographic formations which suggests connections through cosmic alignment.traditional and non-traditional faiths are much discover concepts in order to distinguish traditional western religion from spiritual religion such as, new age and eastern religions and spirituality could b e defined as experience whether religious, non religious or spiritual. uphill factors of religion and spirituality quite than a definition are as follows decision or receiving meaning, religious institution and spiritual self, belief system, doctrine, teaching system and moral code, experience is more almost adjust with being spiritual, and behaviours being high-and-mighty as religious or spiritual. appear instructive repertoires special proposition to spirituality are as follows transcendence, transformation, connectedness, instinct, body forth knowledge, high energy or being quite than specifically a god. there is a victimizeage of enquiry into spirituality, which is property underpin its sufferance as being mates to Religion in investigate. The dianoetic debate of interpretive repertoires does not however explain their usage and construction. Engler, (2005) claimed constructionist description in the form of wandering(a) give-and-take of spirituality is dim bu t sizable but adds diminutive to the agreement and constructionist research in the form of rambling abridgment is steady but in short supply. What is call for is strong constructionist work, which considers how spirituality is constructed, however to burn Religion when considering spirituality is not beneficial. A dianoetic synopsis of the experiences of spirituality is necessary considering how flock construct their spiritual identity and the identity of spirituality.This work has considered the rehabilitative qualities of religion and spirituality, which have emerged from the belles-lettres and has found key themes of gender, motive and being or doing. Religion is goodlyly influenced by following a doctrine and by doing religion putt faith in a reasonful higher being whereas spirituality is describe more by being spiritual and connected and the power advent from within however contradictions in research into mind body and spirit literary productions also sugges ts a doing earlier than being activity which by chance is what is puzzling the meaning of what spirituality entails. This research ordain explore what is the nature of spirituality and factors poignant it through rambling abridgment of semi-structured interviews with those practicing a particular form of non-institutionalised, non-organised earth based spiritual activities. look into questions/aimsExploring the meaning of spirituality, and the affirmable apprisal to gender and power and how participants construct their identity as a spiritual being. separate peoples experiences of spirituality with psychological research into religious experience and body, mind and spirit. do work a new military position to the study of spiritual experience and exploring possible difference between being and doing spirituality.